The intervention of Innocent III in the matrimonial politics of Philip Augustus of France and of Alfonso IX of León
Keywords:
Innocent III, Philip Augustus, Alphonse IX, Ingeborge of Denmark, Berengaria of Castile, marriage, dissolution, interdict, excommunicationAbstract
In this paper we shall focus on the analysis of Innocent III’s power over Philip Augustus and Alfonso IX’s marital issues. Innocent challenged these kings because he could not allow Western monarchs to maintain marital unions which could be censurable in the eyes of his subjects since they were bigamous or had
consanguinity ties below the fourth degree. Innocent was well acquainted with the canonical doctrine and proved himself willing to apply it to kings regardless of the special rights of the sovereigns of France and León over whom the shadow of excommunication and interdict (seven years for the Leonese and two decades for the French king) threateningly loomed; before this unexpected challenge the monarchs dared oppose Rome. This also allows us to compare and contrast the relationship between Innocent and the two monarchs.
Keywords: Innocent III; Philip Augustus; Alphonse IX; Ingeborge of Denmark; Berengaria of Castile; marriage; dissolution; interdict; excommunication.
References
<div>
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<p>Bradbury, Jim. <em>Philip Augustus: King of France (1180-1223)</em>. Londres-Nueva York, 1998.</p>
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<p>Brundage, James A. <em>La ley, el sexo y la sociedad cristiana en la Europa medieval</em>. Mexico D. F., 2000.</p>
<p>Cabrer Martín, Alvira. <em>El Jueves de Muret</em>. <em>12 de septiembre de 1213</em>. Barcelona, 2002.</p>
<p>Cabrer Martín, Alvira. <em>Las navas de Tolosa 1212</em>. <em>Idea, liturgia y memoria de la batalla</em> 24. Madrid, 2012.</p>
<p>Carlyle, Robert W. "The Claims of Innocent III to Authority in Temporal Matters." <em>Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis</em> 5 (1924).</p>
<p>Clarke, Peter D. "Innocent III, the Interdict and Medieval Theories of Popular Resistance." <em>P</em><em>ope, Church and City. Essays in Honour of Brenda M. Bolton.</em> Brill, (2004): 77-97.</p>
<p>d'Avray, David. <em>Medieval marriage: symbolism and society</em>. Oxford University Press on Demand, 2005.</p>
<p>De la Cruz, Valentín. <em>Berenguela la Grande y Enrique I el Chico (1179-1246)</em>. Gijón, 2006.</p>
<p>Duby, Georges. <em>El caballero, la mujer y el cura: el matrimonio en la Francia feudal</em>. Madrid, 1984.</p>
<p>Flood, Peter. <em>Non-consummation as a ground for annulment or dissolution of marriage: a study of English civil and Church law compared with the Canon Law</em>. Roma, 1961.</p>
<p>Flori, Jean. <em>Philippe Auguste: la naissance de l´État monarchique</em>. París, 2002.</p>
<p>Foreville, Raymonde. <em>Le pape Innocent III et la France</em>. Vol. 26. Anton Hiersemann 1992.</p>
<p>Ganshof, François Louis. <em>Histoire des relations internationales. Le Moyen Age. </em>Vol. I. París, 1958.</p>
<p>García y García, Antonio. "Innocent III and the Kingdom of Castile." <em>Pope Innocent III and His World</em>. Brookfield, 1999.</p>
<p>Gillingham, John. <em>Ricardo Corazón de León</em>. Madrid, 2012.</p>
<p>González, Julio. "Alfonso IX." Madrid, 1944.</p>
<p>Hanne, Olivier. "Le conflit entre Innocent III et le roi de France: affection et déception."<em> Schismes, dissidences, oppositions: La France et le Saint-Siège avant Boniface VIII</em>. Paris, 2012.</p>
<p>Kay, Richard. "Innocent III as canonist and theologian: the case of spiritual matrimony." <em> Pope Innocent III and His World</em> (1999): 35-49.</p>
<p>Luchaire, Achille.<em> Les royautés vassales du Saint-Siège. 1908</em>. Vol. 5. París ,1908.</p>
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<p>Maccarrone, Michele. "La papauté et Philippe Auguste: la décrétale Novit ille." <em>La France de Philippe Auguste. </em>París, 1982.</p>
<p>Martin, Georges. "Berenguela de Castilla, negociadora y diplomática." <em>Mujeres y poderes en la España medieval. Cinco estudios. </em>Alcalá de Henares, 2011.</p>
<p>Martínez, H. Salvador. "Matrimonio de Alfonso IX de León con Berenguela de Castilla: una historia de intrepidez femenina." <em>Argutorio: revista de la Asociación Cultural</em> Monte Irago" 15.29 (2012): 27-31.</p>
<p>Martínez, H. Salvador<em>. Berenguela la Grande y su época (1180-1246)</em>. Madrid, 2012.</p>
</div>
<p>Montaubin, Pascal. “Celestine III and France.<em>”</em><em> Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor</em>. Smith, Damian J., and Doran, John. Eds. Surrey, 2008.</p>
<div>
<p>Moore, John Clare. <em>Pope Innocent III and his World</em>. Brookfield, 1999.</p>
<p>Moore, John Clare. <em>Pope Innocent 3rd 1160/61-1216: To Root Up and to Plant</em>. Vol. 47. Brill, 2003.</p>
<p>Nielsen, Torben Kjersgaard. "Celestine III and the North." <em>Pope Celestine III 1191-1198</em>. Ashgate, 2008.</p>
<p>Nieto-Soria, José Manuel. "Inocencio III y la reforma del Pontificado medieval: una revisión historiográfica." <em>Tempus Implendi Promissa: homenaje al Prof. Dr. Domingo Ramos-Lissón</em>. Pamplona (2000): 747-771.</p>
<p>O’Callaghan, Joseph F. "Innocent III and the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon." <em>Pope Innocent III and His World. </em>Ed. John C. Moore. Aldershot, Ashgate, 1999.</p>
<p>Packard, Sidney Raymond. <em>Europe and the Church under Innocent III</em>. Russell & Russell, 1968.</p>
<p>Pascua Echegaray, Esther. <em>Guerra y pacto en el Siglo 12: la consolidación de un sistema de reinos en Europa Occidental</em>. Vol. 31. Madrid, 1996.</p>
<p>Pérez de Tudela Velasco, María Isabel. "El concepto de pecado como arma de control político: el matrimonio de Alfonso IX de León y Berenguela de Castilla." <em>Pecar en la Edad Media</em>. Madrid (2008): 81-96.</p>
<p>Powell, James M. ”Innocent III: the making of an image.” <em>The Papacy, Frederick II and Communal Devotion in Medieval Italy</em>. Brookfield, 2014.</p>
<p>Powell, James M. ”Introduction to <em>Innocent III Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World</em>?.” <em>The Papacy, Frederick II and Communal Devotion in Medieval Italy</em>. Brookfield, 2014.</p>
<p>Renouard, Yves. “1212-1216: comment les traits durables de l'Europe occidentale moderne se sont définis au début du XIII siècle.” <em>Annales de l’Université de Paris</em> (1958).</p>
</div>
<p>Riis, Thomas. “Autour du mariage de 1193: L'Epouse, son pays et les relations franco-danoises.” <em>La France de Philippe Auguste. </em><em>Le temps des mutations</em>. París, 1982.</p>
<p>Rousseau, Christine M. “Celestine III and the marriage.” <em>Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor</em>. Smith, Damian J., and Doran, John. Eds. Surrey, 2008.</p>
<p>Rousseau, Constance M. "Neither Bewitched nor Beguiled: Philip Augustus's Alleged Impotence and Innocent III's Response." Speculum 89.2 (2014).</p>
<p>Sheehan, Michael M. <em>Marriage, family, and law in medieval Europe: collected Studies</em>. University of Toronto Press, 1996.</p>
<p>Baldwin, John W. "The Many Loves of Philip Augustus." <em>The medieval marriage scene. Prudence, passion, policy</em>. Baskins, Cristelle L., and Roush, Sherry. Eds. Arizona, 2005.</p>
<p>Baldwin, John W. ”Tibi et regno tuo specialiter nos teneri fatemur. Innocent III, Philip Augustus and France.” <em>Innocenzo III. Urbs et orbis,</em> <em>atti del congresso internazionale, Roma, 9-15 settembre 1998</em>. Vol. II. Roma, 2003.</p>
<p>Bolton, Brenda M. "Philip Augustus and John: Two Sons in Innocent III’s Vineyard?." <em>Studies </em><em>on Papal Authority and Pastoral Care</em>. Aldershot, 1995.</p>
<p>Bradbury, Jim. <em>Philip Augustus: King of France (1180-1223)</em>. Londres-Nueva York, 1998.</p>
<p>Bradbury, Jim. <em>The Capetians: Kings of France 987-1328</em>. Londres-Nueva York, 2007.</p>
<p>Brundage, James A. <em>La ley, el sexo y la sociedad cristiana en la Europa medieval</em>. Mexico D. F., 2000.</p>
<p>Cabrer Martín, Alvira. <em>El Jueves de Muret</em>. <em>12 de septiembre de 1213</em>. Barcelona, 2002.</p>
<p>Cabrer Martín, Alvira. <em>Las navas de Tolosa 1212</em>. <em>Idea, liturgia y memoria de la batalla</em> 24. Madrid, 2012.</p>
<p>Carlyle, Robert W. "The Claims of Innocent III to Authority in Temporal Matters." <em>Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis</em> 5 (1924).</p>
<p>Clarke, Peter D. "Innocent III, the Interdict and Medieval Theories of Popular Resistance." <em>P</em><em>ope, Church and City. Essays in Honour of Brenda M. Bolton.</em> Brill, (2004): 77-97.</p>
<p>d'Avray, David. <em>Medieval marriage: symbolism and society</em>. Oxford University Press on Demand, 2005.</p>
<p>De la Cruz, Valentín. <em>Berenguela la Grande y Enrique I el Chico (1179-1246)</em>. Gijón, 2006.</p>
<p>Duby, Georges. <em>El caballero, la mujer y el cura: el matrimonio en la Francia feudal</em>. Madrid, 1984.</p>
<p>Flood, Peter. <em>Non-consummation as a ground for annulment or dissolution of marriage: a study of English civil and Church law compared with the Canon Law</em>. Roma, 1961.</p>
<p>Flori, Jean. <em>Philippe Auguste: la naissance de l´État monarchique</em>. París, 2002.</p>
<p>Foreville, Raymonde. <em>Le pape Innocent III et la France</em>. Vol. 26. Anton Hiersemann 1992.</p>
<p>Ganshof, François Louis. <em>Histoire des relations internationales. Le Moyen Age. </em>Vol. I. París, 1958.</p>
<p>García y García, Antonio. "Innocent III and the Kingdom of Castile." <em>Pope Innocent III and His World</em>. Brookfield, 1999.</p>
<p>Gillingham, John. <em>Ricardo Corazón de León</em>. Madrid, 2012.</p>
<p>González, Julio. "Alfonso IX." Madrid, 1944.</p>
<p>Hanne, Olivier. "Le conflit entre Innocent III et le roi de France: affection et déception."<em> Schismes, dissidences, oppositions: La France et le Saint-Siège avant Boniface VIII</em>. Paris, 2012.</p>
<p>Kay, Richard. "Innocent III as canonist and theologian: the case of spiritual matrimony." <em> Pope Innocent III and His World</em> (1999): 35-49.</p>
<p>Luchaire, Achille.<em> Les royautés vassales du Saint-Siège. 1908</em>. Vol. 5. París ,1908.</p>
<p>Luchaire, Achille.<em> Philippe Auguste et son temps</em>. París, 1980.</p>
<p>Maccarrone, Michele. "La papauté et Philippe Auguste: la décrétale Novit ille." <em>La France de Philippe Auguste. </em>París, 1982.</p>
<p>Martin, Georges. "Berenguela de Castilla, negociadora y diplomática." <em>Mujeres y poderes en la España medieval. Cinco estudios. </em>Alcalá de Henares, 2011.</p>
<p>Martínez, H. Salvador. "Matrimonio de Alfonso IX de León con Berenguela de Castilla: una historia de intrepidez femenina." <em>Argutorio: revista de la Asociación Cultural</em> Monte Irago" 15.29 (2012): 27-31.</p>
<p>Martínez, H. Salvador<em>. Berenguela la Grande y su época (1180-1246)</em>. Madrid, 2012.</p>
</div>
<p>Montaubin, Pascal. “Celestine III and France.<em>”</em><em> Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor</em>. Smith, Damian J., and Doran, John. Eds. Surrey, 2008.</p>
<div>
<p>Moore, John Clare. <em>Pope Innocent III and his World</em>. Brookfield, 1999.</p>
<p>Moore, John Clare. <em>Pope Innocent 3rd 1160/61-1216: To Root Up and to Plant</em>. Vol. 47. Brill, 2003.</p>
<p>Nielsen, Torben Kjersgaard. "Celestine III and the North." <em>Pope Celestine III 1191-1198</em>. Ashgate, 2008.</p>
<p>Nieto-Soria, José Manuel. "Inocencio III y la reforma del Pontificado medieval: una revisión historiográfica." <em>Tempus Implendi Promissa: homenaje al Prof. Dr. Domingo Ramos-Lissón</em>. Pamplona (2000): 747-771.</p>
<p>O’Callaghan, Joseph F. "Innocent III and the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon." <em>Pope Innocent III and His World. </em>Ed. John C. Moore. Aldershot, Ashgate, 1999.</p>
<p>Packard, Sidney Raymond. <em>Europe and the Church under Innocent III</em>. Russell & Russell, 1968.</p>
<p>Pascua Echegaray, Esther. <em>Guerra y pacto en el Siglo 12: la consolidación de un sistema de reinos en Europa Occidental</em>. Vol. 31. Madrid, 1996.</p>
<p>Pérez de Tudela Velasco, María Isabel. "El concepto de pecado como arma de control político: el matrimonio de Alfonso IX de León y Berenguela de Castilla." <em>Pecar en la Edad Media</em>. Madrid (2008): 81-96.</p>
<p>Powell, James M. ”Innocent III: the making of an image.” <em>The Papacy, Frederick II and Communal Devotion in Medieval Italy</em>. Brookfield, 2014.</p>
<p>Powell, James M. ”Introduction to <em>Innocent III Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World</em>?.” <em>The Papacy, Frederick II and Communal Devotion in Medieval Italy</em>. Brookfield, 2014.</p>
<p>Renouard, Yves. “1212-1216: comment les traits durables de l'Europe occidentale moderne se sont définis au début du XIII siècle.” <em>Annales de l’Université de Paris</em> (1958).</p>
</div>
<p>Riis, Thomas. “Autour du mariage de 1193: L'Epouse, son pays et les relations franco-danoises.” <em>La France de Philippe Auguste. </em><em>Le temps des mutations</em>. París, 1982.</p>
<p>Rousseau, Christine M. “Celestine III and the marriage.” <em>Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor</em>. Smith, Damian J., and Doran, John. Eds. Surrey, 2008.</p>
<p>Rousseau, Constance M. "Neither Bewitched nor Beguiled: Philip Augustus's Alleged Impotence and Innocent III's Response." Speculum 89.2 (2014).</p>
<p>Sheehan, Michael M. <em>Marriage, family, and law in medieval Europe: collected Studies</em>. University of Toronto Press, 1996.</p>
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Published
2016-10-18
How to Cite
García Durán, L. (2016). The intervention of Innocent III in the matrimonial politics of Philip Augustus of France and of Alfonso IX of León. Vergentis. Revista De Investigación De La Cátedra Internacional Conjunta Inocencio III, 1(3), 221–245. Retrieved from https://vergentis.ucam.edu/index.php/vergentis/article/view/34
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Notes, current status of research and bibliographic review
